All conduction electrons in an electron gas can be divided into two groups of spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons. The total spin of electrons of the group of spin-unpolarized electrons is zero. The spin directions of electrons of the group of spin-unpolarized electrons is equally distributed in all directions. All spins of electrons of the group of the spin-polarized electrons are in the same direction. The total spin of this group is non-zero.

The properties of electrons in the groups of spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons are different: (1) energy distributions are different (2) the transport properties are different. For example, the electrical conductivities for groups of spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons are different. Because of this difference the electrical conductivity becomes spin-dependent (the magneto-resistance effect).

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Content

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(1). Groups of spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons

(2). Energy distributions of spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons. Spin statistics

(3). Spin polarization

(4). Energy distributions of spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons. Spin statistics

(5). Spin pumping

(6). Spin relaxation

(7). Equilibrium spin polarization & Rate Equations

(8). Mean-free path (effective length of an electron)

(9). Spins of localized and delocalized (conduction) electrons

(10). Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and non-magnetic metals

(11).Difference: groups of Holes+ Electrons vs groups of spin-polarized +spin-unpolarized electrons

(12).Questions & answers

 

 

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The same content can be found in V. Zayets JMMM 356 (2014)52–67

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Why do we need to divide all electrons in groups into the groups of spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons?

Because many properties of spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons are different. For example, such properties:

(1) Energy distribution

(2) Electron transport

(3) tunneling

(4) magnetic properties

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Conduction electrons occupy quantum states. Each quantum state can be occupied either by one electron or two electrons of opposite spins

The quantum-mechanical description of the electron transport is based on the fact that the delocalized (conduction) electrons of the electron gas occupy quantum states, the properties of these quantum states and the electron scatterings between these states determine the electron transport. Each quantum state is distinguished by the direction of its wave vector in the Brillouin zone, its energy and its spatial symmetry. Due to the Pauli excursion principle, each quantum state can be occupied maximum by two electrons of opposite spin. At each moment a quantum state is filled either by no electrons or one electron or two electrons of opposite spins.

Quantum states of conduction electrons:

(1) Half-filled states. They are filled only by one electron. They are occupied by spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons. Mainly electrons of these states contribute to the charge and spin transport.

(2) Full-filled states. They are filled by two electrons of opposite spins. They are occupied by spin-inactive or deep-level electrons.

(3) Empty state, which are not filled at all.

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All conduction electrons can be divided into 3 groups:

Group (1): Spin-polarized electrons

Group (2): Spin-unpolarized electrons

Group (3): Spin-inactive electrons

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Group (1): Spin-polarized electrons

It consists of electrons, which occupy a half-filled states. Spins of all electrons are directed in the same direction.

The total spin of this group is always non-zero.

The time-inverse symmetry is broken for this group.

Can two groups of spin-polarized electrons with different spin directions coexist at the same time and at the same place?

In principle, yes. However, within a very short time the scattering convert two group with two directions of spin directions into one group with one spin direction (See here). It takes only a few scatterings and about a hundred femtoseconds for the conversion.

In a semiconductor the spin-polarized electrons and spin-polarized holes may have different spin directions for a long time. Because of small scattering probability between electron of conduction band, which have s- like symmetry, and electrons of the valence band, which have the p-like symmetry, the different spin directions of holes and electrons can coexists for a few microseconds.

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Group (2): Spin-unpolarized electrons

It consists of electrons, which occupy a half-filled states. Spins of these electrons are equally distributed in all directions.

 

The total spin of this group is zero.

The time-inverse symmetry is not broken for this group.

 

 

 

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Group (3): Spin-inactive electrons

It consists of electrons, which occupy a full-filled states. The spin direction of these electrons is not defined.

When a quantum state is filled by two electrons of opposite spins, the total spin of state is zero and the state has no spin direction.

 

The total spin of this group is zero.

The time-inverse symmetry is not broken for this group.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Energy distributions of spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons. Spin statistics

The spin-polarized electrons, spin-unpolarized electron and spin-inactive electrons have different energy distributions.

For more details See Spin Statistics

Q. Why energy distribution depends on the electrons spin? Why spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons have different energy distributions? How the spin makes the difference?

For example, in case when a state is already occupied by one electron with spin-up, it is only possible for another electron to be scattered into this state only if it has spin-down. The spin of the scattered electron should be exactly opposite to the spin of the electron, which is already occupying the state. In the group of the spin-polarized electrons, all electrons have the spins in one direction. Therefore, there are no any scatterings between states occupied by spin-polarized electrons. In the group of spin-polarized electrons, the spins are distributed equally in all directions. Therefore, there is a probability between 0 and 1 that a spin-unpolarized electron is scattered into a state occupied either by spin-polarized electron or by another spin-unpolarized electron. A full-filled state, which is occupied by two electrons, has spin zero and no defined spin direction. Therefore, electrons of this state have no spin limitations for a scattering. The different scattering probabilities determine the numbers of spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons and electrons in full-filled states

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Spin polarization

The spin polarization sp of the electron gas is defined as a ratio of the number of spin-polarized electrons to the total number of the spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons:

where n_TIA and n_TIS are the numbers of spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons, respectively.

Note: The spin-inactive deep-level electron, which occupy the "full" states", are not included into the definition of the spin polarization (Eq.1.1)

The spin polarization is determined by a balance between the spin pumping and the spin relaxation. The spin pumping is the conversion of electrons from groups of spin-unpolarized electrons into the group of the spin-polarized electrons. The spin relaxation is the conversion in the opposite direction.

Why the spin-inactive electrons, which occupy the "full" states", are not included into the definition of the spin polarization?

A. Both mechanisms the spin pumping and spin relaxation are related to a spin rotation. The spin pumping is the alignment of spins along one direction. The spin relaxation is re-alignment of spins from one direction. The spin of "full" state is zero and the spin-inactive electrons, which occupy the "full" states", do not have any defined spin direction. Therefore, their spin cannot be rotated and they cannot contribute either to the spin pumping or to the spin relaxation.

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Spin pumping

The spin pumping is the process of alignment of spins along one direction.

Spin-pumping rate:

The spin pumping describes the conversion of electrons from the group of the spin-polarized electrons into the group of spin-unpolarized electrons. The conversion rate of the spin-pumping is described as

where t_pump is the spin pumping time.

Mechanisms of spin-pumping:

All mechanism of spin-pumping align spins of conduction electrons in one direction

mechanism (1): the sp-d exchange interaction between conduction electrons and localized d-electrons: (details see here)

mechanism (2): sp-d scatterings;(details see here)

The spins of the d-electrons are aligned in one direction. When a d-electron are scattered and becomes a conduction electron, more spins of conduction become align along the magnetization (along d-electrons)

mechanism (3): precession damping in a magnetic field; (details see here)

There is a precession of spins of conduction electrons in a magnetic field. Additionally, the spins are aligns along the magnetic field. (details see here)

mechanism (4): spin-dependent scatterings & spin accumulation due to Spin Hall effect; (details see here)

When an electrical current flows in a ferromagnetic metal, the amount of conduction electrons to the left and to the right direction with respect to the current direction may be different. The difference depends on spin direction of the conduction electrons. As a result, spin-polarized electrons are accumulated at sides of the ferromagnetic wire

mechanism (5): spin injection and spin diffusion; (details see here and here)

The spins diffuses from a region of a higher spin polarization of the electron gas to a region of a smaller spin polarization. This effect is called the spin proximity effect. Additionally, the spins are drifted in electrical current from a region of a higher spin polarization of the electron gas to a region of a smaller spin polarization. This effect is called the spin injection.

mechanism (6): optical spin pumping ; (details see here)

When a metal is illuminated by circular- polarized light, the spin of photon is transferred to the spin of the electron gas and the spin polarization of the electron gas may increase.(details see here)

mechanism (7): Ordinary Hall and Anomalous Hall effects; (details see here and here)

In magnetic field the electrical current is turned slightly from a strait direction along an electrical field due to the Hall effect. The electrons and holes are accumulated at opposite sides of wire due to the opposite Lorentz force (the ordinary Hall effect) or due to directional dependence of scatterings (Anomalous Hall effect). In a ferromagnetic metal the amount of spin polarized holes and electrons may be slightly different. As a result, the spin polarization slightly increase at one side of wire and decreases at another side.

exception: mechanism (6): optical spin pumping. In this case, Eq. 1.5 is not fully valid. It is because the optical spin pumping is additionally proportional to the the number of spin-inactive electrons (additionally to the number of spin polarized electrons). It is because the spin is transformed from a photon to an electron and the spin-inactive electrons from a full-filled state can be directly converted into the group of the spin-polarized electrons.

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Spin relaxation

The spin relaxation is the process of re-alignment of spins from one direction.

Spin-relaxation rate:

The spin damping describes the conversion of electrons from the group of the spin-polarized electrons into the group of spin-unpolarized electrons. The conversion rate of spin-relaxation can be described as

where t_relax is the spin relaxation time.

Mechanisms of spin-relaxation:

All mechanism of spin- relaxation re-align spins of spin-polarized conduction electrons out from one direction

mechanism (1): spin-dependent scatterings

After a spin-dependent scattering the spin direction of a spin-polarized conduction electron can be rotated from its initial direction

mechanism (2): incoherent spin precession in a spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field:

The direction of the internal magnetic field in a ferromagnetic metal may varies slightly from a place to place. Such inhomogeneities causes incoherent precession and the spin relaxation. (detail see here)

mechanism (3): local fluctuation of magnetization direction:

case 1:A ferromagnetic metal (spins of localized d-electrons are parallel). Locally a spin of the d-electron may slightly rotate out from one direction due to a thermal fluctuation. A small spin rotation reduces the strength of the spin pumping (Eq. (1.5)). A larger rotation causes the spin relaxation (Details see here)

case 2:A paramagnetic metal (spins of localized electrons are equally distributed in all direction). The sp-d exchange and the sp-d scatterings create spin-polarized conduction electrons. However, their spin directions are different from one local place to another place. This causes a substantial spin relaxation due to the spin torque (See here)

mechanism (4): Spin diffusion through a boundary between two materials:

The spin polarization and spin direction may be different in two contacting metals. As a result, the spin diffusion current and the spin-torque current flow through the interface. Both currents induces the relaxation.

mechanism (5): Spin diffusion through a domain wall:

The magnetization direction are different from a domain to a domain. The spin direction of spin-polarized electrons are different from a domain to a domain. A the spin-torque current flows between regions of different directions of the spin polarization. The spin-torque current induces a substantial spin relaxation. (The spin-torque current occurs due to the electron diffusion. More details see here)

 

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Equilibrium spin polarization & Rate Equations

In equilibrium there is a balance between the spin pumping and the spin relaxation, which is described by the condition:

Substitution Eqs.(1.5) and (1.6) into Eq. (1.7) gives

Substituting Eq.(1.8) into Eq.(1.1) gives the equilibrium spin polarization sp₀ as

 

The spin polarization in different metal see below

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Mean-free path (effective length of an electron)

The spin-polarized electrons, spin-unpolarized electron and electrons, which occupy full-filled states, have very different mean-path (effective length) . The mean-free path depends on electron energy. More details is here

 

Why does the mean-free path depend on electron energy and type of state?

A. It is because of a different scattering probability for different state. In order to be scattered from a state the electron free space where to be scattered. For example, at energy sufficiently below the Fermi energy near all states are filled by two electrons of opposite spins (Fig.35). Therefore, near there is no any unoccupied state where an electron could scattered into. Therefore, in this case the life time of full-filled state is very long and the mean-free path is long as well. In contrast, an electron from a half-filled state can be scattered into empty state and a higher energy and an electron from full-filled state can be scattered into the half-filled state. Therefore, it is always many states are available for a scattering from/into a half-filled state. It makes the life time of half-filled state is short and the mean-free path is short as well.

 

Because of the wave nature of an electron, the effective length of an electron equals to the mean-free path. (See here)

 

Due to difference of the effective lengths of a half-filled state and a full-filled state, in a semiconductor a "hole" has an effective plus charge and an "electron" has an effective minus charge. Even though both the "holes" and "electrons" are conduction electrons in the semiconductor. (See here)

 

 

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Spins of localized (orbital) and delocalized (conduction) electrons

Why distributions of spin direction are so different for localized and delocalized electrons?

It is because of frequency of scatterings. The scatterings between localized electrons are rare. The scatterings between delocalized (conduction) electrons are frequent.

For example, in a ferromagnetic metal, a d-electron stays at one atomic site about 1 millisecond and longer before it is scattered out. A conduction electron occupies one quantum state for about 10-100 fs between its two consequent scatterings. As a result, the spin features of conduction electron are more collective. In contrast, the spin features of delocalized d-electrons are more individual.

Localized electrons

The localized electrons are the orbital electrons of atom. They have size about the size of an atom. They stay for a long time at one atom and they do not move along metal.

The wave function of localized electrons are not overlapped. Only wave functions of a few neighbor localized are overlapped. This reason why the scatterings between localized electrons are random.

The spin directions of localized electrons are determined by the exchange interaction with neighbor localized electrons. Often spins of neighbor localized electrons are aligned parallel (ferrimagnetically) or antiparallel (antiferromagnetic). Also, they can be aligned at other angles (for example, in a domain wall)

Energy distribution of localized electrons: sharp narrow peaks in the density of states (DOS)

Distribution of spin directions of localized electrons: A defined spin direction at each atomic site.

Optical and magneto-optical response of localized electrons: Sharp resonance-like peaks

Localized electrons can support a spin wave ( a magnon)

 

Delocalized ( conduction) electrons

The delocalized electrons spreads over distance of thousands or even millions atoms. Their size is not fixed, but determined by number of defects and temperature of a metal.

The wave function of conduction electrons are strongly overlapped. At one point of space it could be millions of conduction electrons at the same time. This reason why the scatterings between delocalized electrons are very frequent.

The spin directions of localized electrons are determined by the scatterings between them. The electrons can be spin-polarized or spin-unpolarized (see above). It could be only spin-direction of spin-polarized electrons (there is only one group of spin-polarized electrons). In the case if spin direction of spin-polarized electrons is different at different places of a sample, the spin-torque current flows between these two places. The spin-torque current is trying to realign spin direction at different places in one direction.

There are two types of conduction electrons: running-wave electrons and standing-wave electrons (see here). Mainly all conduction electrons are running-wave electrons. They constantly move along crystal. In vicinity of a defect or an interface, some conduction electrons become standing-wave electrons. The standing-wave electrons stay at one place and do not move along crystal. The increasing of the number of the standing-wave electrons significantly changes properties of the spin transport in a metal (See here)

Energy distribution of delocalized electrons: a broad smooth distribution without any peaks or sharp features (band-type DOS distribution)

Distribution of spin directions of delocalized electrons: There is no any local spin. There is a spin distribution for whole electron gas. There are 3 groups of electrons: (1) group 1 is spin-polarized electrons; (2) group 2 is spin-unpolarized electrons; (3) group 3 is spin-inactive deep-level electrons;

Optical and magneto-optical response of delocalized electrons: A broad featureless spectrum

Delocalized electrons cannot support a spin wave ( a magnon)

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Are the d-electrons in a ferromagnetic metal the delocalized (band-type) or the localized?

The d-electrons in a ferromagnetic metal are localized with some weak band-type features.

 

How does the sp-d hybridization influence the localized- or band-types of the d-electrons?

A. Not much. The d-electrons have some component of sp- spacial symmetry, but still the d-electrons remain fully localized. (Nearly similar as it would not be any hybridization). The conduction electrons have some component of d- spacial symmetry, but the conduction electrons remain fully delocalized. Any electron is either localized (electron length is short) or delocalized (electron length is long). An electron cannot have simultaneously one short part and one long part.

 

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Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and non-magnetic metals

 

Ferromagnetic metals

Localized electrons

All spins of localized electrons are in one direction

Conduction electrons

spin polarization sp>0 & spin pumping rate 1/t_pump>0

All conduction electrons are in three groups: group of spin polarized, group of spin-unpolarized electrons and group of spin-inactive electrons.

Mutual spin directions of conduction and localized electrons

The spin direction of spin-polarized conduction electrons is the same as spin direction of localized electrons. It is because the sp-d exchange interaction induced by scatterings between localized and conduction electrons might be the dominated mechanism of the sp-d exchange interaction in many ferromagnetic metals

d-d exchange interaction and conduction electrons

The spin-polarized conduction electrons enhance the exchange interaction between localized electrons due scatterings between localized and conduction electrons. See details here and here

importance of standing-wave conduction electrons for the d-d exchange interaction

Mainly the standing-wave conduction electrons enhance the exchange interaction between localized electrons. The explanation is here.

Antiferromagnetic metals (consist of one element)

Localized electrons

There are equal amounts of spins, which are directed antiparallel. The total magnetization of an antiferromagnetic metal is zero.

Conduction electrons

spin polarization sp=0 & there are two spin pumping induced by localized electrons of opposite spins with equal rates 1/t_pump,↑=1/t_pump,↓& the total spin pumping rate 1/t_pump=0

All conduction electron are spin-unpolarized. The spin polarization of electron gas is zero.

spin pumping rates:

d-d exchange interaction and conduction electrons

Standing-wave conduction electrons may mediate the antiferromagnetic exchange interaction, especially in the of a multilayer metallic structure (For example, in a Co/Ru/Co structure). The size of localized electrons is small and the overlap of wave function of neighbor localized electrons is small. As a result, the exchange interaction between them is small as well. The length of a standing-wave electrons is much longer. They do not move, they well overlap with localized electrons and there are many standing-wave conduction electrons in a multilayer structure. All this makes substantial the contribution of standing-wave electrons to the antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between localized electrons. These standing-wave conduction electrons are spin-polarized.

 

Compensated ferromagnetic metal or Antiferromagnetic metals (consist of two or more elements)

Localized electrons

There are equal amounts of spins, which are directed antiparallel. The total magnetization is zero. Usual

Conduction electrons

spin polarization sp>0 && there are two spin pumping induced by localized electrons of opposite spins with unequal rates 1/t_pump,↑>1/t_pump,↓& the total spin pumping rate 1/t_pump>0

All conduction electrons are in three groups: group of spin polarized, group of spin-unpolarized electrons and group of spin-inactive electrons.

Example: compensated ferromagnet FeTbB

In this metal, spins of localized d-electrons of Fe and f-electrons of Tb are aligned antiparallel to each other. The concentration of Fe and Tb can be adjusted so that the total amount of the localized spins of Fe and Tb could be the same. In this case, the magnetization of FeTbB is zero. However, the spin polarization of the electron gas is not zero in this case. It is because of different spin pumping rates induced by Fe and Tb. The size of localized d-electron of Fe is large than f- electron of Tb. As a result, the overlap of wave functions of d-electrons and conduction is larger and the sp-d spin pumping is stronger for d-electrons than for f-electrons. It makes the total spin pumping non-zero in the case when the total magnetization in FeTbB is zero.

spin pumping rates:

 

Non-magnetic metals

Localized electrons

in a diamagnetic metal the localized electrons do not have spin. In a paramagnetic metal, the spins of localized electrons are equally distributed in all directions.

Conduction electrons

spin polarization sp=0 & spin pumping rate 1/t_pump=0

All conduction electron are spin-unpolarized. The spin polarization of electron gas is zero.

spin diffusion and spin injection

The electron gas in a non-magnetic metal can be spin-polarized when spin-polarized electron are diffused into it from neighbor region. In the vicinity of a contact between a non-magnetic metal and a ferromagnetic metal, spin-polarized electrons from the ferromagnetic metal diffuse into the non-magnetic metal. Therefore, the electron gas in the non-magnetic metal becomes spin-polarized. This effect is called the spin proximity effect. The diffusion can be enhanced when a drift current flows from the ferromagnetic metal into the non-magnetic metal. This effect is called the spin injection.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Difference: groups of Holes+ Electrons vs groups of spin-polarized +spin-unpolarized electrons

The electron gas in a semiconductor can be divided into two groups of electrons: the holes and the electrons. The division of conduction electrons into the groups of spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized polarized electrons is similar to the division into the groups of the hole and electrons?

A. Absolutely not. The separation of all conduction electrons into the conduction electrons into groups of the holes and the electrons is possible only because the exchange of electrons (scatterings) between two groups is very seldom. The scatterings are seldom because the holes and the electrons in a semiconductor belong to bands of different symmetry (s-symmetry for conduction band and p-symmetry for the valence band). In contrast, the exchange of electrons (scatterings) between groups spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons is very frequent. The frequent scatterings keep numbers of electron in each group to be constant. It is why it is possible to separate all conduction electrons into spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized groups. The reason is very different (even opposite) from that used to separate the holes and the electrons.

Because of the rare exchange of electrons between the conduction and valence bands, the hole and the electrons may have different Fermi energies and the chemical potentials. Because of this property it is possible to fabricate a semiconductor laser and a bipolar transistor (see here) . In contrast, the spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons always have the same Fermi energy.

Note: The model of spin-up/spin-down bands assumes that there is no exchange of electrons between groups of the spin-polarized and unpolarized electrons. Additionally, it assumes that the spin-polarized and unpolarized electrons may have different Fermi energies. In this model, the different Fermi energies, different chemical potentials and different conductivities are used for electrons of spin-down and spin-up bands (See here). It is a rather rough assumption. This assumption can be used in some cases, but it has its limits. The validity of this assumption for each specific case should be carefully verified.

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What is the electron gas?

The electron gas is the gas of the conduction electrons. It is the gas, because the conduction electrons strongly interact with each other. The conduction electrons are scattered between their quantum states very frequently. A conduction electron stays at one quantum state only for about 10-100 femtoseconds ( 10^-14s - 10^-13 s). Then, it is scattered to another state. The wave function of each conduction electron overlaps with wave functions of billions of other conduction electrons. Therefore, all properties of conduction electrons are very collective and the the gas of the conduction electrons should be considered as an individual subject with its own properties. The properties of individual conduction electrons should be described by a distribution. (e.g. the energy distribution or the distribution of the spin directions).

In contrast, the localized d-electrons are very individual and they do not make a gas. The wave function of each d-electron overlaps only with the wave functions of a few neighbors d-electrons. As a result, a d-electron may possess some individual property like the spin direction. For example, in an antiferromagnetic metal, one d-electron may have the spin-up direction, but its neighbor d-electron may have the spin-down direction. They both have a specific spin direction and the spin direction retains in a long time. The case of an electron in the electron gas is very different. Only a distribution may be constant in time. Even though the number of spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized electrons may not change in time, but one individual conduction electron (an electron, which occupies some specific quantum state) may belong to the group of the spin-polarized electrons, but next femtosecond it may be scattered into the group of the spin-unpolarized electrons. Meanwhile, somewhere some spin-unpolarized electron is scattered in the opposite direction. The individual properties of a conduction electrons are smeared over the their collective properties. Therefore, the electron gas is defined and used.

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You have 2 times with a totally different answer: "Can two groups of spin-polarized electrons with different spin directions coexist at the same time and at the same place?". Here you said yes it is possible, if you follow the link you said on the page "Spin Torque" that is impossible. So what is the Right one here??

I am sorry if there is some confusion in my explanation. Two groups of spin polarized electrons cannot coexist together at same time at the same place. The scatterings mix up these two group into one group very quickly. However, the group of the spin-polarized electrons and group of the spin- unpolarized electrons do coexist together. Even though the electrons are scattered between these two groups, the numbers of electrons in each group remains unchanged due to the spin conservation law.

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Are the conduction electrons different in a ferromagnetic and a non-magnetic metal?

Why is it that ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted to magnets than paramagnetic materials. They both have unpaired electrons so what's the difference?

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Can the spin be assign to each individual conduction electron or the spin is a collective feature. Is it correct that only the total spin of all spin- polarized electrons and the total spin of all spin- unpolarized electrons (S=0) can be treated as a physical properties and that the spin of an individual conduction electron has no physical meaning?

A. The spin (the absolute value =1/2 and the spin direction) is absolutely defined for each conduction electrons independently whether the electron belongs to the group of spin-polarized or spin- unpolarized electrons.

The conservation laws of the spin, energy and charge are the strongest conservation laws in our Universe. For example, the Black Hole separates itself from the outside world and unreachably locks all information inside itself except its Mass, Charge and Spin

Similarly as each electron can be distinguished by its energy, each electron can be distinguished by its spin. Similarly as there is an energy distribution, there is a distribution of the spin directions (See here)

According to the Quantum Mechanics, it is impossible to mark each electron. However, it is possible to measure (to define) how many electrons having a specific energy. Similarly, it is possible to measure (to define) how many electrons having a specific spin direction.

There is always some symmetry, which corresponds to any specific conserved quantity. The spin describes the conservation of the time- inverse symmetry. This symmetry is an unremovable feature of any object in our Universe. Definitely, each conduction electron has a defined spin. Similarly as it has a defined energy and momentum.

 

(Note) The situation is more complex for spin-inactive electrons, which occupies by a pair one quantum state. They do not have a defined spin direction. It is only known that spins of two electrons of the pair are in opposite directions. The time- inverse symmetry is not broken for these electrons.